Page contents
- What is nausea and vomiting
- Causes and risk factors
- Multiples
- Diagnosis
- treatment
- protection
Nausea and vomiting are among the most common medical complaints, although the symptoms are limited to the digestive system, but they may be the result of a malfunction in other organs as well, as follows:
- Nausea: Defined as a physical expression of the need to vomit based in the larynx or upper abdomen.
- Vomiting: defined as a specific physical event of the rapid and forceful emptying of stomach content.
- Retching: The repetitive contraction of the abdominal muscles that causes the stomach to empty.
- Esophageal regurgitation: is the rise of food from the stomach in a possible quantity and frequency and expelled out of the mouth.
vomiting cases
A distinction is made between vomiting in different cases, including:
- Dangerous conditions such as intestinal obstruction, pleurisy, or perforation of an organ in the digestive system.
- Cases that require the patient to be hospitalized for treatment as a result of severe vomiting that causes dehydration or an imbalance of salts in the blood.
- Chronic cases require diagnosis in order to choose the appropriate treatment.
Causes and risk factors for nausea and vomiting
Causes of nausea and vomiting include:
1. Side effects of a specific drug
Treatments for which nausea and vomiting are side effects include:
- Chemotherapy for cancerous tumors.
- Radiotherapy.
- Pain relievers.
- Heart medications.
- diuretics
- hormones.
- Antibiotics.
- Medications for inflammatory bowel diseases.
- Asthma antagonists.
- Narcotics.
2. Inflammatory diseases
These include acute gastroenteritis, and middle ear infections.
3. Gastrointestinal diseases
Include the following:
- Intestinal obstruction.
- stomach paralysis;
- peptic ulcer;
- Acute inflammation of the cyst of the gallbladder and pancreas.
- Lever Inflammation.
- Crohn's disease.
- ischemia of the intestinal wall;
- Metastasis of the intestinal mucosa.
4. Diseases of the central nervous system
Include the following:
- Migraine.
- Cerebral hemorrhage.
- Meningitis.
- epilepsy;
- Psychiatric illness.
- Otitis media and diseases of the auditory canals.
- motion sickness
- Vomiting while traveling by air or sea.
- emotional reaction.
- Depression.
- Anxiety.
- Abdominal pain.
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5. Abdominal migraine
It is a rare syndrome characterized by periodic nausea and vomiting. This phenomenon is mainly common in girls at the age of five, where the number of recurrent attacks is about 8 on average annually.
7. Eating disorders
Eating disorders may be caused by the following:
- Anorexia nervosa.
- Bulimia.
- Depression and the displacement reaction.
8. Infection with some diseases
Diseases include:
- Diabetes
- Hyperthyroidism.
- Addison's disease.
- Primary adrenal insufficiency (Hypocortisolism).
- Renal failure.
9. Pregnancy.
In the first trimester of pregnancy, vomiting and nausea increase.
Complications of nausea and vomiting
Dehydration is the real danger in the largest part of vomiting cases. The speed of development of dehydration is related to the size of the person, the frequency of vomiting cases and the presence or absence of diarrhea, meaning that children who vomit at a high frequency and have diarrhea are at great risk.
Signs of dehydration include:
- Excessive thirst.
- Urinating infrequently or dark yellow urine.
- Dry mouth or sunken eyes.
- Loss of the skin’s natural elasticity. To determine this, the abdominal skin can be gently pinched using the five fingers of the hand. When leaving the skin, the skin is supposed to return to its normal position and position immediately, but when the skin does not return to its previous position immediately, this is an indication of dehydration.
Diagnosis of nausea and vomiting
The symptoms that the patient complains of indicate the source of the disease. Headaches and stiff neck with vomiting sometimes appear in the case of meningitis, and persistent nausea without vomiting generally results from taking some medications and sometimes from ulcers or cancer, and there may be a relationship between head injuries and vomiting.
In addition, there is a need for:
- A comprehensive physical examination.
- A blood test aimed at assessing the degree of fluid loss, which helps in an accurate diagnosis.
- Pictures of the abdomen and digestive system.
- Endoscopy.
- Tests to assess motility of the stomach and small intestine, including:
- respiratory tests
- Electrogastography (EGG - Electrogastrography)
- Entero-duodenal manometry.
- Nausea and vomiting
Nausea and vomiting treatment
Mild vomiting can be treated without the need for medical treatment.
1. Home treatment
Home treatment aims to introduce as much fluid as possible into the body while avoiding further disturbances in the work of the abdomen. Treatment includes:
Drink clear liquids such as water and juices.
The use of sucking on ice cubes if other treatments with liquids have not been effective.
Avoid drinking a lot of fluids at once and avoid eating solid foods.
When the situation improves, you can try to eat soup.
Dairy products may make the situation worse as a gradual return to regular feeding, lollipops in general are a good solution for children.
2. Drug therapy
There are two main groups of drugs, which are antiemetics and stimulants, including the following:
- antiemetics
Include the following:
- Anticholinergic drugs: They are used for treatment in a limited way because of the many side effects that they cause and because of their low efficacy. It is only used for movement related diseases.
- Drugs that block histamine receptors: effective in treating migraines, in particular, and in movement diseases that result from an action on the balance center in the inner ear. It has a central anti-emetic effect.
- Phenothiazines: substances with anti-emetic properties. It acts on different receptors in the brain. It is effective in treating migraine, basically.
- Butyrophenones: Known as a treatment for mental illness. There are few attempts to use it in the treatment of migraine.
- Serotonin-3 receptor antagonists: These drugs are particularly effective as anti-emetic therapy following chemotherapy, as well as for migraines.
- Dopamine receptor 2 antagonists: have an effect on the central nervous system, which is the control center for vomiting in the brain stem and peripheral nervous system. These substances act as antiemetics and stimulators of esophageal and gastric motility.
- Cannabinoids: marijuana mimics. Reports regarding the effect of these substances are few and not proven.
- Corticosteroids: They are used only in emergency situations to treat brain edema.
- Benzodiazepines: They help treat sleep disorders and anxiety. These drugs work by inhibiting the reticular activating system responsible for nervous alertness.
- movement stimuli
Motion stimulators are primarily effective in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease, and include:
- Serotonin 4 agonists: This family of drugs stimulates muscle action throughout the digestive tract. Muscle action generally affects the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the nerve terminals.
- Macrolide antibiotics: Stimulate gastric emptying by secreting motilin from the duodenum.
3. Surgical treatment
There are also surgeries that include:
- Connect the stomach to the small intestine.
- Endoscopic gastrostomy.
Prevention of nausea and vomiting
Prevention methods include the following:
- Drink clear or iced drinks.
- Eat light foods such as crackers or plain bread.
- Avoid fried, greasy, or sweet foods.
- Eat slowly and eat small, frequent meals.
- Do not confuse hot and cold foods.
- Drink the drinks slowly.
- Avoid activity after eating.
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